Despite a small area and resource shortages, Holland rapidly surged into the top maritime overlord and became the financial center of Europe, this was mainly due tothe crucial impetus resulting from human capital factor.

Human capital played a crucial and unique role in the rise and fall of Portugal between the 15th and 16th centuries.

Since its foundation, the US followed a path evolving from size expansion to quality elevation.

Since reform and opening-up，the structure of agricultural production in China has gone through profound adjustments along with the change in the internal and external conditions of agricultural production and relevant policy reforms.

Since the Great Depression in 1929, the US financial regulatory system has made adjustmentsin light of new conditions when crisis broke out or the financial system went through significant changes.

They visited central banks, financial supervisory and management departments and major financial institutions in the three countries.

This report summarizes several typical cases about tax reduction in some countries since the 1980s.

It is noteworthy to noticethe reason why France could not establish a modern country in the process of competing for an early rising among big powers, but faced a lot of difficulties in the course of modern transformation.