In current studies on farmers, “politics” seems to be overlooked. On the one hand, among discussions of “farmers”, politics is often not regarded as a research perspective.

China’s farmers are walking out of the identity bias and constraints imposed on them by the old system. Chinese farmers in the traditional sense (hereinafter referred to as traditional farmers) are experiencing such a period of “new fate enveloped in the old system”.

The enforcement of village-level organization system constitutes the key factor while public management of villages is the primary level of rural governance.

Since reform and opening-up, the Chinese government has shifted the focus of work onto economic development and created the "Chinese Miracle" with a continued and high-speed growth.

With a review of the history of farmers' petition through letters and visits, it could be found that China's rural conflicts have taken on some new features after China's entry into the 21st century.

Township governments are executive bodies assuming the responsibility for executing state power at township level.

Since the turn of the new century, the county and township governments have witnessed major changes relating to their position in the government system.